Nutrition in Glaucoma
The first step in developing a good balanced foundation for your nutritional program is to begin with a broad spectrum multi-vitamin and mineral supplement. A multiple to be used by someone with glaucoma should have both vitamin A and beta carotene according to some doctors. Rapid and sustained pressure reductions of 5 to 7 mm Hg have been achieved in studies using improved diet with supplementation of nutrients including vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, and calcium, which is better than results achieved with current medical therapy. , Malnutrition and malabsorption syndromes should also be ruled out or treated, as they may contribute to optic nerve damage and susceptibility. Glaucoma in a malnourished population was brought under control within one week with the antioxidants 180,000 I.U./day of vitamin A, 200 I.U./day of vitamin E and 3,000 mg/day of vitamin C.
Vitamin A and carotenoids:
Vitamin A deficiency has been observed in the glaucoma population. Blood levels of carotenoids (pro-vitamin A) are lower in people with glaucoma than in normals. Vitamin A is necessary to prevent hydration and swelling of the collagen in the drainage angle of the eye, which can block outflow. Loss of xanthophyll carotenoids in the papillo-macular area is the first detectable indication of loss of optic nerve fibers in glaucoma. Some practitioners recommend 25,000 IU/day of natural source beta carotene or a combination of vitamin A and beta carotene (pro-vitamin A) along with 400 IU/day of either dry or mixed tocopherol vitamin E. Beta carotene dosages up to 30 mg/day have been suggested as safe by the Alliance for Aging Research. Others recommend up to 40,000 IU/day of beta carotene.
Vitamin B Complex:
The entire B complex, with specific emphasis on vitamins B1, B3, B5 B6, B12, folate, inositol and choline (or lecithin, as a source of choline) may be particularly helpful in glaucoma. A 50 mg B complex taken 3 times a day with meals is a good base, and in some cases B vitamin injections (preferably unpreserved) may be needed.
B1:
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency causes optic nerve disease and is depleted by stress. Optic atrophy linked to thiamine deficiency can be reversed in 10 days with large supplemental doses. Thiamine may be poorly absorbed and metabolized, or otherwise demanded at increased levels in glaucoma patients, as they usually have reduced blood levels despite normal dietary intake. This has been associated with lack of digestive enzymes resulting in malabsorption. A dosage of 25 to 50 mg a day has been recommended, except for smokers who should take 300 mg/day until vision improves.
B3:
Vitamin B3 cleans out the capillaries, reversing the effects of arteriosclerosis that contributes to glaucoma. B3 also dilates the capillaries, further improving blood flow to and from the eye and optic nerve. B3 raises ATP levels in depleted cells, raising their resistance to stressors like glutamate, which is associated with glaucoma.
B5:
Vitamin B5 (100 mg taken 3 times a day) helps to strengthen the adrenal glands.
B6:
Vitamin B6 decreases IOP by its diuretic effect. A dosage of 25 to 50 mg/day is recommended.
B12:
B12 may be preventive in low tension glaucoma. Vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, can by itself cause damage to the optic nerve. Over one million American seniors have pernicious anemia. The first sign of deficiency in over half of Vitamin B12 deprived animals is damage to the myelin sheath of the papillomacular bundle. In humans, too, B12 deficiency is linked to demyelinating processes like multiple sclerosis. Fortunately, resulting vision loss has been shown to be mostly reversible with B12 supplementation. B12 actually supports regeneration of the myelin sheath. In humans, neurolgical damage including vision loss and optic atrophy are often seen before anemia is detected. Visual disorders associated with alcohol and tobacco clear up with Vitamin B12. Borderline B12 status may contribute to the susceptibility of the optic nerve to damage from other metabolic stress factors, and optic nerve damage from early B12 deficiency can precede any measurable changes in the blood. Pallor of the optic nerve head, considered a sign of glaucoma, is also a classic result of pernicious anemia. This is frequently accompanied by hypochlorhydria, leading to poor assimilation of many minerals and other glaucoma-preventive nutrients, and IOP may be either normal or increased. Over half of seniors lack adequate hydrochloric acid secretion to absorb B12 efficiently. B12 deficiency can cause nervous system related symptoms including memory loss, confusion, dementia, depression and psychosis, all seen more frequently in the elderly. B12 deficiency is also accompanied frequently by photophobia and dependency on sunwear, as is deficiency of other B vitamins, as well as vitamin A and zinc. One 5 year study showed that 1500 mcg/day of vitamin B12 stopped the progression of visual field loss in glaucoma, and a significant percentage of patients actually had some vision restored. Since there was no change in eye pressure with B12 supplementation, different levels of B12, which can be stored in the body for years, may explain why some people can sustain higher pressures without damage to the optic nerve. Numerous studies confirm the beneficial effects of B12 supplementation on optic nerve disease. Supplementation may be especially beneficial when initiated within 6 months of the onset of visual symptoms. Coffee and aspirin are factors which impair vitamin B12 absorption. Zinc, which is necessary for production of hydrochloric acid, and digestive enzymes are recommended for some individuals to aid B12 absorption. A suggested dosage of 1500 to 2500 mcg/day of vitamin B12 has been proposed, as contrasted with the average adult intake of 5 mcg/day. Intramuscular injections may also be necessary initially for smokers and those with hypochlorhydria. Unpreserved injections are far preferrable if they can be obtained. The hydroxycobalamin form has been shown to be effective when cyanocobalamin was not. The preferred form for reversing neurological conditions is Methylcobalamin.
Folate:
Folate may be preventive in low tension glaucoma. Folate is high in raw, fresh salad vegetables such as asparagus, spinach leaves, garbanzo beans, and bean sprouts, as well as fresh, ripe, raw fruits. This means that it is important to find sources for locally grown organic produce, since folate is the least stable and most often deficient of all vitamins in this country. 400 mcg/ day has been recommended, with 1000 mcg/day suggested for smokers.
Choline:
Choline (1,000 to 2,000 mg/day) cleans out the capillaries along with Vitamin B3, reversing the effects of arteriosclerosis that contributes to glaucoma. Others have recommended at least 100 mg/day.
Inositol:
Inositol is important in reducing stress that can trigger increased IOP.
Vitamin C:
Vitamin C reduces intraocular pressure (IOP), according to research at the University of Rome. Daily intake of 35 grams in divided doses was used for patients weighing 150 pounds, with adjustments in this dosage proportional to body weight. Rapid and significant drops in pressure were obtained. A single dose of 500 mg/kg (about 35 grams for a 150 pound person) resulted significantly lowered IOP in 100% of patients, by an average of 16 mm Hg. Unfortunately, at such a high dosage, using the acid form of vitamin C causes diarrhea in may people, so neutral pH polyascorbate vitamin C is recommended by the author. Doses of up to 2 to 10 grams may be taken 4 times a day. Over 90% of patients given 100 to 150 mg/kg ascorbic acid 3 to 5 times a day achieved essentially normal IOP within 45 days, with GI symptoms only persisting for 3 to 4 days. Some of these patients had previously uncontrollable IOP even when taking maximum medical therapy. On the other end of the dosage spectrum, even low levels of vitamin C, such as 1200 mg/day have been shown to reduce IOP, when compared to a near RDA level of 75 mg/day, with a high level of statistical significance (p<.001). A study using .5 gm of ascorbic acid 4 times a day showed significant decreases in IOP after 6 days. Another study showed that .5 gm twice a day for 1 week significantly reduced IOP, which returned to the previous baseline level after 1 week off the vitamin C supplement. Even eye drops made of 10% ascorbic acid used 3 times a day for 3 days significantly lowered IOP of the treated eye compared to patients’ other untreated eye. Vitamin C is accepted as a treatment for glaucoma in European and Asian countries. One advantage of vitamin C over drugs therapies is that vitamin C not only lowers IOP through a combination of increased blood osmolarity, decreased aqueous production and improved outflow, but it also provides anti-oxidant protection and enhances impaired collagen metabolism, which appears to be the primary cause of glaucoma. Vitamin C helps to regenerate type I collage, laminin and fibronectin in the trabecular meshwork. A month of topical steroid treatment lowers vitamin C levels by over 50% in the aqueous humor, over 60% in the vitreous humor and nearly 85% in the lens. Thousands of people get cataracts and/or glaucoma while on steroid therapies each year, yet few doctors recommend increased intakes of vitamin C for prevention. One author recommends at least 500 to 1000 mg/day of Vitamin C, and 2000 to 3000 mg/day for smokers.
see also: Feldman RM, Steinmann WC, Spaeth GL et al: Oral asorbic acid in the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma 1987;19(6):181-183.
Bioflavonoids:
Rutin, a bioflavonoid, supplemented at 60 mg/day in divided doses reduced IOP by at least 15% in 17 out of 26 eyes with uncomplicated primary glaucoma. These patients were also found to respond better to drug treatment following at least one month on rutin supplementation, as well. Some practitioners now recommend a dosage of 50 mg 3 times a day of Rutin. Mixed bioflavonoids should be taken at a dosage of 1,000 mg/day for all types of glaucoma. Bioflavonoids (which are also active components of herbs such as ginkgo and bilberry, in the herb section) have been shown to further reduce IOP in patients on miotic drops.
Quercetin inhibits histamine release. It also increases cyclic AMP, relaxing smooth muscle. It is also an effective oral chelation agent in removing excess iron that contributes to free radical pathology. Quercetin has been recommended at a dosage of 500 mg/day up to 3000 mg/day. Water soluble quercetin, such as in Pain Guard Forte', maximizes absorption.
Vitamin D:
Vitamin D may also be beneficial. The best source of this vitamin is moderate daily exposure to sunlight and the use of full spectrum lighting indoors. It is important to note that excess dietary calcium, vitamin A and vitamin D3(25,OH) from diets high in vitamin A & D fortified commercial dairy products may actually be a contributor to low tension glaucoma.
Vitamin E:
Vitamin E has been recommended in combination with ginkgo biloba or with vitamins A and C. Dosages of 400 IU/day have been recommended, with smokers requiring double that level. Others also suggest safe dosages of vitamin E up to 800 I.U./day. Esterified natural dry vitamin E (succinate), which I call ‘Ester E’ has been shown to be easier on the liver to absorb and process in research by Jeffrey Bland, Ph.D., President of Health-Comm. The only oil form of vitamin E that is undiluted by vegetable oil and therefore stable against oxidation is Unique E.
Nutritional-Cofactors
Coenzyme Q10:
CoQ10 can improve impaired heart function, improving the quality of circulation which is especially important in low pressure glaucoma. Together with Vitamin E, CoQ10 has proven beneficial in glaucoma. CoQ10 raises ATP levels in depleted cells, reducing risk of damage by glutamate. A daily dose of at least 30 mg/day of CoQ10, increased to 100 mg/day for low tension glaucoma, has been recommended.
Alpha Lipoic Acid:
150 mg daily of alpha lipoic acid has been reported to improve visual function in patients with open angle glaucoma in stages I and II.
Minerals
Calcium:
Calcium, when mishandled, can constrict blood vessels. Calcium supplementation often helps to improve calcium handling. Excess calcium, however is linked to arterial-vascular disease.
Chromium & Vanadium:
Depleted chromium levels in body tissues are related to increases in IOP with visual stress. A combination of low dietary chromium, due to the loss of this trace mineral in food refining, together with the loss of this mineral when eating sugar and refined foods, or foods high in vanadium, results in increasing the risk of elevated IOP by 4.7 times. It is well documented that chromium stores in Americans are generally depleted with aging, due to our diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates. It is also well known that glaucoma incidence also increases dramatically with age. Since age itself is not a potential cause, being merely the passage of time, in the course of which causality may occur, we should be looking for more factors like chromium, heavy metals, and free radical effects at the optic nerve head to understand and prevent glaucoma. Vanadium should be avoided as it antagonizes chromium. Vanadium is more concentrated in low fat dairy products, seaweed, mushrooms, vinegar, chocolate, carob, poultry and large fish (tuna, swordfish and shark), while more chromium is found in red meats, whole grains, molasses, fruits, vegetables, eggs (in the yolk) and dairy products made from whole milk. ,
Chromium improves lipid profiles. Recommended forms of chromium for supplementation are either chromium picolinate or chromium polynicotinate, and not ‘amino acid chelated’ chromium which can contain large unlabeled amounts of vanadium. A dosage of 200 to 600 mcg/day is recommended especially if taking topical or oral beta blockers to counteract their detrimental effects of lipid metabolism. 600 mcg/day increased HDL levels 16% to 38% in people on oral beta blockers, resulting in 12 to 17% reduction in the risk of heart disease.
Copper:
Excess or unnecessary copper should be avoided, as in excess it promotes free radical pathology.
Germanium:
Germanium (100 to 200 mg/day) can help relieve discomfort associated with certain types of glaucoma, as it increases delivery of needed oxygen to the nerve cells.
Iron:
Excess or unnecessary iron should be avoided, as in excess it promotes free radical pathology.
Magnesium:
Magnesium may be beneficial in preventing mishandling of calcium which can lead to vasospasms in the optic nerve. This could be especially important in low tension glaucoma, where it is being suggested that calcium channel blockers might be used to produce this effect. Calcium channel blockers have been shown to increase peripheral vision in people with cold hands. Calcium channel blockers have been found to prevent the progression of optic nerve damage in 100% of glaucoma patients. The problem with calcium channel blocker drugs is their side-effects. Magnesium is nature’s calcium channel blocker, increasing cyclic AMP levels through inhibition of calcium influx into the cell, resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle as well as prevention of platelet aggregation. Smooth muscles control the drainage of fluid from the eye. Cyclic AMP is also the primary intracellular regulator of aqueous humor production and IOP. Magnesium is 85% depleted in farmland soils as this macromineral is not present in the commercial NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) fertilizer preparations. As a result, 80% of adults are deficient in Magnesium. Magnesium deficiency is linked to high blood pressure, which in turn is associated with glaucoma. Even patients on oral beta blockers can reduce blood pressure by taking 365 mg/day of Magnesium. 750 mg/day of Magnesium has been shown to improve retinal circulation in patients with hypertensive retinopathy and 243 mg/day improved both circulation and visual fields in glaucoma patients with vasospasm. Magnesium can reverse atrial fibrillation, which is linked to low tension glaucoma. Low Magnesium intake is also linked to deaths from sudden heart attack, making repletion to optimal levels critical in the American population. Low Magnesium combined with high Calcium promotes coagulation of the blood as well as increases in adrenal hormones that increase IOP. Magnesium glycinate is the most absorbable form of magnesium, and generally does not result in diarrhea as other less well absorbed forms do in therapeutic dosages. It may take up to about 6 months to rebuild a deficient magnesium level, so it is important not to give up if there is no apparent immediate benefit. People with Raynaud’s disease (cold extremeties), a condition linked to low-tension glaucoma, for example do not respond as rapidly as healthy adults to Magnesium supplements. Stress, a condition which has been linked to glaucoma, increases the demand for Magnesium. The average American does not even consume the RDA level of Magnesium. A dosage of 250 to 400 mg/day at bedtime has been recommended at a 1:1 ratio with Calcium. It is often suggested to take Calcium at a different time of day to maximize absorption of both Calcium and Magnesium, since they are both divalent cations and thus compete for the same absorption channels. Magnesium glycinate is the most absorbable form of Magnesium, eliminating the common side effect of diarrhea often experienced with high doses of Magnesium. As Magnesium levels are repleted over a period of about 6 months, watch for improvements in visual fields, visual acuity and circulation to the optic nerve. Watch also for muscular weakness as a possible indication that Magnesium levels have been built up higher than necessary. Greater Magnesium levels may be needed by those taking higher levels of Calcium and patients on diuretic medications.
Manganese:
Manganese supplementation at 20 mg/day has been suggested as part of a total nutritional program for glaucoma. Manganese picolinate is an excellent form to use.
Zinc:
Zinc supplementation with zinc picolinate or zinc monomethionine is often recommended, and a simple taste test using Zinc Sulfate solution can be used to monitor the degree of deficiency as well as the response to supplementation. A dosage of 15 to 25 mg/day of zinc has been recommended.
Food Sensitivities, Allergies and Diet
A study of 113 patients with chronic simple glaucoma showed immediate IOP increases of up to 20 mm Hg upon challenge (exposure) with food or other allergens. Another study of 3 individual cases of simple glaucoma, showed that elimination of food allergens markedly improved treatment outcomes compared to treatment with drugs and surgery or drugs alone. In one case, intraocular pressure could only be controlled once allergens were eliminated from the diet. In two other cases, despite adequate control of IOP with a combination of drugs and surgery, visual field loss continued to progress. Visual fields actually improved markedly upon beginning an allergen-free diet. This illustrates an important factor in glaucoma, that it is not simply a matter of pressure, but rather a complex interaction of biophysical and biochemical parameters that influence the cellular metabolism and function in the retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerve. Allergy responses are known to cause altered vascular permeability and vasospasm which could result in the congestion and edema found in glaucoma.
Sjogren first identified the relationship between allergy and IOP. As early as 1947, research showed that uncontrollable cases of glaucoma resolved on an allergy-free diet. Antihistamine treatment has proven effective in glaucoma patients with allergies, after conventional treatment failed. Glaucoma in just one eye has even been found to be frequently due to sleeping with that eye against a feather pillow. In the trabecular meshwork, histamine increases intracellular influx of calcium, increasing smooth muscle tension and potentially reducing circulation. Histamine has been shown to cause a reduction in the ability of the trabecular meshwork cells to keep the meshwork clear of debris, resulting in increased intraocular pressure. Antigen studies now also show a link to autoimmune processes.
Until individual testing of food reactions can be performed, many practitioners recommend as a minimum beginning with elimination of tobacco, sugar, coffee and tea (including decaf; herb teas are allowed), alcohol, white flour and other refined and processed foods, with reduction of commercially raised dairy products and red meats. Any beverages, preferably microwater (which can pass through the eye more readily), should be taken evenly throughout the day rather than drinking alot at one time, which can raise IOP. Airborne allergens should be eliminated through the use of ozone, oxozone, or HEPA filtration units, although oxozone appears to be the most efficient method.
MSG may be a significant trigger of glaucoma, too. Glutamate has been found at elevated levels in the vitreous of glaucoma patients. Glutamate is known to be toxic to retinal ganglion cells and is known to cause circulatory disturbances such as vasospasms. Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid linked to neurological diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Acetyl-L-Carnitine, glutathione, vitamin B3, and CoQ10 are neuroprotective by preventing depletion of ATP , since it is in low energy states (Phase 1) that nerve cells are damaged by glutamate.
It has been suggested to reduce commercial meats, dairy, salt and nuts, while including lots of vegetables along with cold water fish and eggs from free-ranging chickens. Moderate egg consumption may increase beneficial HDL without significant increase of LDL. One study using a low fat diet centered on rice and vegetables together with nutritional supplements achieved rapid (within 2 days) and sustained reduction in IOP of 5 to 7 mm Hg, which is better than results with current medical therapies. , This study was done at Duke University in 1949! Five servings of fresh organic produce (fruits and vegetables) per day is recommended. Green leafy vegetables, such as collards, kale, mustard greens and spinach are suggested as a source of xanthophyll carotenoids which help protect the optic nerve fibers, especially in the central vision area. Buckwheat is beneficial due to its high content of the bioflavonoid rutin.
Botanicals
Coleus forskohlii is an herb (related to mint) used traditionally in folk medicine in Northern India. It is the only known source of forskolin, a labdane diterpene compound which activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase, which elevates cAMP, which can then result in a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) when applied topically to the eye. Forskolin’s unique stimulation of the main catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase has made it the subject of over 1,000 published scientific studies. Forskolin essentially acts as an amplifier for intracellular communication via the endocrine system. A double-blind study found that a 1% forskolin suspension produced a definite drop in intraocular pressure for 6 hours following use. Another controlled study showed that two instillations of 1% forskolin resulted in a 2.4 mm Hg drop in IOP in just 1 hour, with a 13% reduction in aqueous flow rate. Additional experiments showed that 1% forskolin lowered IOP in humans as well as in rabbits and monkeys, with a drop in outflow pressure of 34 to 70%. Coleus works like Magnesium, by relaxing smooth muscle, plus it has antihistamine properties, perhaps reducing allergic components of increased IOP as well. A dosage of 200 to 400 mg/day of the herb in capsule form has been recommended given the herbs long record of safety. Coleus, for example lowers blood pressure which often accompanies elevated IOP and is beneficial in asthma and congestive heart failure, conditions which contraindicate the use of beta blocker eye drops. Unlike beta blockers, forskolin enhances ocular blood flow, while having no systemic side effects and not inducing miosis. Higher doses are required by those with darker eye color than for those with light colored eyes. Synergistic effects can be achieved by combining coleus with omega 6 fatty acids.
How effective is forskohlii at lowering eye pressure? Here is the example of Dr. Kuakiniokalani Keeaumoku Kawananakoa-Prible, His Serene Highness, Hawaiian Prince and European royalty (he grew up in Buckingham Palace). In his own words, Doctor Kuakini reported to me, "Eye pressure at Hawaiian Eye Clinic: 42 & 46. One month later, eye pressure at Hawaiian Eye Clinic: 30 & 31 without using any eye drops or chemical drugs. Used only herbal caps of Forskohlii." The ophthalmologist at Hawaiian Eye, the #1 eye clinic in Hawaii, had prescribed eye drops which he had informed Dr. Kuakini he did not expect to work. He was amazed at the reduced eye pressures, thinking that the prescription had worked. When Dr. Kuakini informed him that he had not filled the prescription, since he was told they would not work anyway, but had instead taken an herbal remedy, the ophthalmologist was even more amazed and said that it was the first time he had ever actually seen a natural substance actually reduce a patient’s eye pressure.
Ginkgo biloba was found to actually produce mild improvements in a study on patients with glaucoma and other severe degenerative disorders of the circulation in the back of the eye. This was considered very significant given the very poor prognosis for the conditions treated. Treatment began with 160 mg/day for the first 4 weeks followed by maintenance on 120 mg/day.
Ginkgo biloba has several biological actions that help against glaucoma:
improves central blood flow including the optic nerve and retina
improves peripheral blood flow
neuroprotection by inhibiting apoptosis
Chung HS, Harris A, Kristinsson JK, Ciulla TA, Kagemann C, Ritch R. Ginkgo biloba extract increases ocular blood flow velocity. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1999 Jun;15(3):233-240.
Ritch R. Potential role for Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of glaucoma. Med Hypotheses 2000;54: 221-35.
In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked crossover trial at the Glaucoma Center, Clinica Oculistica Università di Brescia, and the Clinica Oculistica, Università di Catania, in Italy, GBE improves preexisting visual field damage in some patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG).
27 patients with bilateral visual field damage resulting from NTG received 40 mg GBE orally three times daily for four weeks, followed by a washout period of eight weeks, and then four weeks of placebo treatment (40 mg fructose). Other patients took the fructose first and the GBE last. Visual field tests were performed at baseline and the end of each phase of the study.
Significant improvement in visual fields indices were found after GBE treatment. Mean deviation (MD) at baseline was 11.40 +/- 3.27 dB versus 8.78 +/- 2.56 dB MD after GBE treatment; corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD) at baseline was 10.93 +/- 2.12 dB versus 8.13 +/- 2.12 dB CPSD after GBE treatment. No significant changes were found in intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, or heart rate after placebo or GBE treatment. The study concluded that ginkgo biloba extract administration improves preexisting visual field damage in some patients with NTG.
Quaranta L, Bettelli S, Uva MG, Semeraro F, Turano R, Gandolfo E. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on preexisting visual field damage in normal tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2003;110: 359-62.
Some doctors now recommend ginkgo together with vitamin E in glaucoma management. A dosage of 100 to 240 mg/day of ginkgo has been recommended.
Salvia miltiorrhiza is an herb used traditionally in oriental medicine. A study of patients with middle to late stage glaucoma received a preparation made from the root of this herb for one month. Visual acuity improved in 43.8% of the eyes studied, while 49.7% showed increased visual fields (statistically significant at p<0.01 compared to untreated controls). Followups as long as 30 months continued to show either stable or improved visual fields.
Pilocarpine is a natural source drug long used to treat glaucoma, being derived from the herb Pilocarpus jaborandi. It has also been used in homeopathic doses for this purpose, which is a preferrable form especially for people under the age of 40 due to the severe side affects of headaches that often accompany its use in young people.
Research has explored the possible use of the herb Cannabis sativa (hemp), either topically on the eye or systemically, to reduce IOP. With the potential to decrease eye pressure by 51%, it is the most effective agent known for IOP reduction. Smoking this herb unfortunately results in numerous side effects including tachycardia (speeding heart rate by 22 to 65%, the opposite of beta blockers), low blood pressure, a false sense of euphoria, photophobia, blepharospasm, dry eyes, and loss of short term memory. Extracts of this herb were used widely in medicine until early in this century. Now, hemp oil is becoming available, and is an excellent source of essential fatty acids to nourish the nerves of the eye. Tinctures and homeopathics, however, remain unavailable. The herb has been banned even for medical purposes since 1992.
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), taken at a dosage equivalent to 1/4 teaspoon of solid extract 3 times a day has been recommended for all types of glaucoma. This herb has been shown to improve visual function in a variety of conditions including myopia, night blindness and diabetic retinopathy. The blue-red pigments (anthocyanosides) found in this and other berries have been show to improve vitamin C utilization, improve capillary integrity, provide anti-oxidant protection and stabilize the collagen matrix by directly cross-linking with collagen and preventing enzymatic breakdown of this backbone of the connective tissue. , ,
Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) stimulates improve heart function and increased circulation. A dosage of 100 mg/day of ginger has been recommended.
Capsaicin cream (from cayenne pepper: Capsicum) increases circulation in the choroid of the eye, as does electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Capsicum capsules can also be taken internally, reducing cholesterol, providing antioxidant activity, relaxing smooth muscle for vasodilation and improved circulation, as well as stimulating digestive functions for better nutrient assimilation.
Garlic (Allium sativum), which improves circulation, blood pressure and cholesterol levels, while providing antioxidant properties, has been recommended at a dosage of 500 to 1000 mg/day.
Hawthorne berries have been suggested to improve heart rhythm and thus enhance circulation, while lowering hypertension and cholesterol where such cardiovascular problems are present together with glaucoma.
Spirulina has been reported to help restore vision lost due to glaucoma.
Vegetable source glycerin (1 to 2 g/kg body weight) mixed with an equal amount of water or juice can be used for first aid in acute angle closure glaucoma attacks.
Several herbs may be combined or alternated as a warm eyewash or in eyedrop form (3 drops in each eye, instilled 3 times a day), including fennel, chamomile and eyebright.
Glandulars
Epinephrine is a natural neuro-hormone, released by the adrenal glands, which is often used to treat glaucoma in conventional medicine. Adrenal glandulars, including adrenal cortex and other nutritional supports for rebuilding the adrenal function should be used whenever the adrenals are run down. Vitamin C and the B complex are particularly important for supporting the adrenals. Adrenal hormones seem to be the primary daytime regulators of IOP.
Melatonin, the hormone of darkness, secreted by the pineal gland, seems to be the primary night-time regulator of IOP. Many glaucoma patients also manifest sleep disturbances. Melatonin is significantly associated with longevity, cancer prevention and restful sleep, as well. Its production can be blocked by turning a light turned on or left on during sleep or when waking during the night, as well as by electromagnetic and geopathic field exposure. Using a red filter over a flashlight or nightlight preserves the pineals ability to sustain melatonin production. Melatonin may be taken as a supplement before bed-time, or alternatively, its production seems to be enhanced by stimulating the retina with violet light for up to 20 minutes before sleep. Melatonin reduces the rate of aqueous production from the daytime level of 3.1 microliters/minute to 1.5 microliters/minute during sleep. IOP, with a daily rhythm of changing pressure normally fluctuating about 5 to 7 mm of Hg (and more in many glaucoma patients), typically peaks just after waking. This is also when brain temperature and cerebral circulation peak, stimulated by light entering the eyes. Taken during the daytime, however, Melatonin has detrimental effects, promoting cancer in animal studies, and shows no effect on the rate of aqueous fluid production.
Thyroid glandulars or thyroid hormone replacement therapy can be helpful. Thyroid activity, along with zinc, is needed to metabolize beta carotene into vitamin A for the eyes. Both thyroid and adrenal regulation is needed to support the high energy metabolism of the cells in the retina, which have a higher metabolic rate than any other tissue in the body. When thyroxine is prescribed medically, the natural source (Armour thyroid) is preferable to synthetic (Synthroid), as electrodermal measures show better tolerance by the liver, which according to principles of oriental medicine is known to exert a strong influence on eye conditions.
Estrogen and prostaglandins (which carry the messages of hormones other than melatonin within the cell) may also play a role in regulating IOP.
Acetylcholine and seratonin relax the smooth muscle in blood vessels.
Amino Acids
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALC) raises ATP energy levels in neurons. It is neuroprotective against the excitatory amino acid glutamate, which is elevated in glaucoma.
L-Arginine relaxes the smooth muscle in blood vessels. It also supports regeneration of the myelin sheath along with adenosyl methionine and polyamines.
Glutathione is a tripeptide, which helps prevent oxidative damage to the trabecular meshwork. In animal research, trabecular outflow was only reduced with suppression of the glutathione antioxidant system. Oxidation of the methionine present in collagen in the trabecular meshwork of glaucomatous human eyes has been observed. N-acetyl cysteine, a glutathione precursor, is recommended at supplemental doses of 200 to 600 mg/day. Methyl-sulfonyl methane, a source of organic sulfur, may help to raise glutathione levels. Reduced glutathione is also available as a supplement. Glutathione increases ATP energy levels in nerve cells, protecting against damage by Glutamate.
L-Carnosine provides neuroprotection via antioxidant activity and independent defense against excitotoxins. L-Carnosine raises Glutathione levels.
Enzymes
Protein deposits in the drainage system of the eye can increase eye pressure by blocking the outflow of fluid from the eye. These proteins that typically accumulate with age may come from inflammatory processes such as allergy, toxicity, radiation and infection, as well as from debris from ocular tissue such as melanin from the iris or exfoliation from the lens. It could also come from partially digested large food proteins such as dairy, wheat, eggs and soy that often cause congestion in the lymphatic system as well. Proteolytic enzymes taken orally may be helpful in breaking down proteins deposited in the trabecular meshwork. This meshwork acts like a filter for the aqueous humor, the fluid which fills the front of the eye, as the fluid drains out from the eye into a drainage channel called Schlemm’s canal. The proteins leak from capillaries in the ciliary body, probably due to inflammation, so other anti-inflammatory therapies may be beneficial in prevention. In addition to proteolytic enzymes like bromelain, papain, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, this may include lipase, amylase, rutin, EPA, L-cysteine or N-acetyl-cysteine, zinc, catalase and SOD. Antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (dependent on cysteine, selenium and vitamin E) and SOD (dependent on zinc, copper and manganese) have been shown to prevent demyelination of optic nerve fibers caused by the oxidant hydrogen peroxide. Dietary enzymes from raw foods may be beneficial, too. A study in Africa on genetically related tribesmen eating a traditional diet versus those in urban areas with a Western diet, showed less high pressure (a significant risk factor in glaucoma). Traditional diets in general, with less processing and food additives, and containing some raw foods as well as some animal proteins, have been found to be beneficial for prevention of degenerative diseases.
Reduced levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase is a risk factor for loss of pigment from the structures inside the eye. This pigment can then clog the drainage channels of the eye leading to pigmentary glaucoma. Rebuilding the antioxidant enzyme levels requires amino acids as well as trace minerals to be available, including adequate copper, zinc, manganese and selenium. While amino acids are important, excessive protein, especially when overcooked or microwaved, and thus more difficult to digest, may be a risk factor for pigmentary glaucoma, especially when dietary protein intake exceeds 3 times the RDA.
Essential Fatty Acids:
Essential fatty acids, precursors of anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, may be very beneficial in reducing chronic inflammatory processes involved in glaucoma. Eskimos who have a high intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish have a very low incidence of open angle glaucoma. Fish oil supplements have also been found beneficial in Raynaud’s syndrome, which is related to low tension glaucoma. The typical American diet is deficient in omega-3 fatty acids. Depleted levels of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA, can be supplemented with dietary small cold water fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines, herring, cod) and fish oil capsules. This common deficiency is a suspected risk factor for both pigmentary and low tension forms of glaucoma. Omega-3 oils thin the blood, improving circulation. They have also been shown to produce significant lowering of IOP in rabbits. Even diabetics can take up to 2.5 grams of EPA without any side effects. Other sources of the beneficial omega 3 fatty acids include black currant oil, as well as flax or hemp seeds or their oils.
Omega-6 oils are also important. Diabetics have impaired omega-6 metabolism, contributing to demyelination of nerves. Beneficial omega-6 oils are available as evening primrose oil and borage oil.
Deficiency of both omega-3 and omega-6 oils are linked to pigmentary glaucoma. In opposition to the beneficial fatty acids are long chain and trans-fatty acids found in fried foods and hydrogenated oils such as margarine. These junk and processed foods should be avoided as they promote inflammatory processes and probably increase the risk of pigmentary glaucoma as well as many other diseases systemically. A suggested dosage of omega-3 fish oil, flax or hemp seed oil is at least 1000 mg/day.
Omega-6 fatty acids double cyclic AMP levels, and when combined with coleus or its extract, forskohlin, triple these levels (see herb section). A combined dosage of omega-3 and omega-6 oils is recommended at 500 to 3000 mg/day.
Homeopathy
Several practitioners have written about their success in treating glaucoma with homeopathic remedies. Remedies in itallics are more frequently found useful. Descriptions in italics are key symptoms in confirming the selection of the remedy.
Aconite: at beginning of acute attack with much heat, redness and burning pain in eye, together with fever.Asafoetida: severe boring pain over the eye and around it.
Aurum metallicum: glaucoma with tendency toward blindness, upper half of objects invisible, with atherosclerosis and suicidal depression.
Belladonna: severe glaucoma pain with throbbing headache and flushed face; eyes injected, pupils dilated, fundus hyperemic with pain in and around eye; pains may come and go suddenly, worse in afternoon and evening; eyes hot and dry with light sensitivity; reddish halo around lights.
Bryonia: useful in early stages of acute glaucoma attacks; eyes feel full as if pressed out, often with sharp, shooting pains through the eye and head. The eyes feel sore to the touch and on moving them in any direction. Halo around lights, with heavy pain over eye, worse at night.
Cedron: severe shooting pains along the supraorbital nerve.
Colocynthus: severe, burning, aching, sticking or cutting pains in and around eye, relieved by firm pressure and by walking in a warm room; aggravated by rest at night and on stooping.
Gelsemium: very frequently useful clinically in glaucoma with heavy eyelids (ptosis), dim vision, one or both pupils fixed and dilated, pain and twitching of muscles, bruised pain behind eyes, with dizziness, drowsiness, dullness and trembling or muscle weakness or paralysis. Patient may not seem to care about his condition.
Nux vomica: marked morning aggravation; atrophy of optic nerve due to glaucoma.
Osmium: sudden, sharp severe pains in and around eye; dim, foggy vision; halo with colors around lights.
Phosphorus applies to inflamed nerves and hemorrhages that suddenly destroy nerve cells. The eyes fatigue easily. Green halos may be seen around lights and letters may appear red. Optic atrophy is also typical. The conjunctiva appears pearly white but there may be swelling of the eyelids.
Prunus spinosa: severe, crushing pain in eye, as if the eye were pressed asunder, or sharp pain shooting through the eye and same side of the head (similar to Spigelia); hazy aqueous and vitreous; fundus hyperemic.
Rhododendron: incipient glaucoma, with alot of pain periodically in and around eye, always worse just before a storm and better once the storm begins.
Spigelia: sharp, stabbing pains through the eye and head, worse with motion and worse at night.
Other individual remedies to consider include Arnica, Arsenicum, Atrop., Causticum, Chamomilla, Cocaine (not available in the states), Commocl., Conium, Croc., Croton tiglium, Eser., Hamamelis, Kali iodatum, Macrotin., Mag. carb., Mercurius, Op. (not available in the states), Pilocarpus, Rhus toxicodendron, and Sulfur. Homeopathic sarcodes (made from healthy organ tissues) including Epinephrine, Adrenal (Supraren ext.), Eye, Optic Nerve, Lamina Cribrosa, Ciliary Body, Schlemm’s Canal, Proteolytic Enzymes, Chromosome 1 and others, including vitamins, minerals, herbs and drugs listed above may be used as well.
The nosode Brucella abortus Bang can affect the eye and optic nerve area, such as in MS and glaucoma. Other commonly used remedies for retrobulbar neuritis include Arsenicum album, Nux vomica and Terebenthina, while less frequently prescribed homeopathics are Ferrum phosphoricum and Kali phosphoricum. In addition, the following remedies may be useful, as they are known to cause the condition in toxic doses: Amyl alcohol (methanol), Atoxyl, Cannabis indicus (hashish, not available in the U.S. as a homeopathic remedy), Carbon bisulphide, Dinitrobenzol, Iodoformium, Nitrobenzol, Plumbum (lead, Pb), Stramonium (jimson weed) and Tabacum (tobacco).
Optic atrophy is treated by Argentum nitricum, Arsenicum album, Nux vomica, especially if alcohol, tobacco or other drugs are used, Phosphorus, Plumbum metallicum, with small pupils and inflammation of the optic nerve (as in multiple sclerosis), Strychninum phosphoricum, Veratrum viride (American hellebore), Zincum phosphoricum.
Complex homeopathy, especially for lymphatic drainage and treatment of underlying energetic causes of glaucoma is also recommended by many practitioners. Excellent remedies include Lymphomyosot and Energessence for lymphatic drainage support and Stamina Plus (for stress), Food Tolerance (for food allergy) and AllerFree (for airborne allergies) to balance underlying causal factors.
Electrodiagnostic modalities like Electroacupuncture According to Voll (EAV), the Vegetative Reflex Test (VRT, formerly called the Vegatest Method) of Schimmel or other functional testing methods are often used to determine the optimum therapy, including homeopathy as well as nutrition, and even pharmaceuticals.
Color & Light
Ultraviolet protective eyewear is frequently recommended to reduce photo-oxidative stress in the eye. Even UV absorbing contact lenses are now available. This may help reduce oxidative stress on ocular tissues and reduce the risk of exfoliation of lens proteins that can clog the trabecular meshwork. Exfoliation is seen more in people who spend more time outdoors and in sunnier environments. The same people show changes in the eyelids, and excessive sunlight is known to reduce the elasticity of connective tissues. It appears to be UV-B radiation (280-320 nanometers) that damages the lens cells that exfoliate, although antioxidants are known to protect against this damage.
Wearing green glasses may be helpful. Typically, cool colors such as blue-green, blue, indigo and violet are used directly in the eyes in glaucoma, since these stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, contracting the pupil to increase drainage of the aqueous humor and reduce IOP. Syntonic phototherapy using color stimulation of the retina has been shown to increase visual fields in a number of studies in various populations. Both fluorescent and incandescent artificial lights are deficient in these cool colors, resulting in chronic stress, and contributing to glaucoma as well as 85% of all disease. Full spectrum lighting provides a more natural indoor light which reduces systemic and eye stress, while improving calcium metabolism. Full spectrum light reduces hip fractures by 50%, while medical treatment for glaucoma has been shown to increase hip fractures by over 300%. This point is especially important not because medical treatment for hip fracture costs $25,000 per patient, but because one third of these patients will die within one year following a fractured hip.
For treating the whole body with light, Dinshah recommends yellow-green on the entire front of the body, followed by indigo on the eyes, and magenta on the heart and kidney areas.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture can help otherwise incurable eye diseases. Enkephalin, which is released in acupuncture, reduces IOP. Acupuncture may be able to slow progressive vision loss when drugs can’t. Acupuncture may also be able to help reverse optic atrophy. Acupuncture together with Vitamin B12 was able to control glaucoma in a dog.
Stress management and exercise
Socrates said, “just as we cannot treat the eye without the head, and we cannot treat the head without the body, so we cannot treat the body without the soul.”
Stress causes dilation of the pupil which can increase IOP. Stress has long been known as one of the triggers of acute angle closure glaucoma attacks. As early as 1818, anxiety was linked to glaucoma attacks. Other risk factors which interact with stress include narrow drainage angles in the eyes and anatomically short eyes. Holding feelings of resentment, anger and frustration seem to contribute to such an eye structure, especially during the formative childhood years. Stress also causes an immediate rise in IOP in glaucoma patients, while chronic stress eventually leads to increased eye pressure for anyone. Above average stress increases risk of ocular hypertension by 2.8 times. One study found that 100% of glaucoma patients experienced frustrating life experiences at the time their glaucoma began. Associated emotions ranged from anxiety to anger to depression, and during periods when patients sense of security was most threatened, IOP and glaucoma symptoms were found to increase. Anxiety not only affects blood pressure, which is associated with glaucoma, but also increases the tendency of the blood to clot and triggers vasospasms in the retinal arteries. Many glaucoma patients show additional signs of stress including problems with sleep, digestion and loss of appetite. The glaucoma-prone individual tends to have a personality which includes anxiety, perfectionism, nervousness, and hypersensitivity. An association between low levels of alcohol use and reduced ocular hypertension may be due either to reduced chronicity of stress patterns or simply to the cardiovascular benefits which are at least partially due the bioflavonoid content in red wines.
Stress reduction through biofeedback of the frontalis muscle can also be helpful in lowering IOP. The simple act of relaxing and smiling, however, if achievable, results in essentially the same changes. IOP is never elevated when one is happy and tranquil. Biofeedback to increase skin temperature as a measure of the quality of circulation and smooth muscle relaxation is helpful in migraine and Raynaud’s syndrome, both of which are related to glaucoma.
Whole body aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce IOP significantly, by 4.6 mm Hg, in previously sedentary glaucoma patients, with the most sedentary patients experiencing the greatest benefit. Even a single session of exercise such as 6 deep knee bends reduces IOP, and benefits continue for 3 weeks if exercise is discontinued. The amount of IOP reduction is as great as (and additive to) that obtained by using beta blocker eye drops, with increased pressure reductions achieved by more intense exercise. In normal and low tension glaucoma, increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), as produced by exercise, dilates blood vessels, increasing blood flow as well. An optimal activity program might include 45 minutes of essentially non-stop physical activity such as walking, swimming, cycling or rebounding every other day, while others have recommended 10 to 30 minutes daily. One study found that 40 minutes of brisk walking 4 times a week for 3 months significantly reduced IOP. Interestingly, the seasonal variation in IOP is typically highest in the winter and lowest in the summer. Perhaps this is due to increase physical activity in the summer. The daily variation of IOP is also usually highest on waking, and has already decreased, even to normal levels, perhaps through lymph drainage due to physical activity, by the time it is measured in an eye doctor’s office. The best exercise program for circulation and lymph drainage for the entire body, including the eyes is rebounding, with 12 minutes a day giving equivalent exercise to 40 minutes of jogging, yet without straining joints in the knees or low back.
On the other hand, jarring exercise may contribute to increased release of pigment in a specific condition known as pigmentary glaucoma. Pigmentary glaucoma tends to affect highly nearsighted individuals with dark pigmentation.
Also, inverted postures, such as head-stands, can increase IOP dramatically, reaching levels above 30 mm Hg in normals and even higher in those with glaucoma. , In a few glaucoma suspects pressure even increases simply by lying down.
When exercising, keep in mind that electrolytes such as zinc, potassium and magnesium are lost in sweating, so replacement of these minerals is important.
Vision training, involving activities which support enhanced efficiency and ease of eye movement have been shown in an unpublished study to reduce IOP. Looking to the side (lateral gaze) temporarily increases IOP by about 2 or 3 mm Hg. More frequent eye movements into lateral gaze may function to pump fluid out of the eye more efficiently, similar to the pumping of lymph through general body movements, resulting in a long-term decrease in IOP. Eye movement in general tends to increase with increased gross motor activity. Both glaucoma and myopia, which seem to closely related, seem to involve a lack of eye movement. In myopia, eye movement is greater when wearing contact lenses compared to glasses, but contacts should not be worn overnight, since this can affect eye pressure.
Daily massage of the eyes and orbit can help achieve a lower pressure in the eye by improving drainage of aqueous humor, lymph and venous blood. “Eye Points” is a recommended massage program that includes not only the bony orbit, but also body accupressure points that trigger improved drainage in the eye area. These relaxation techniques as well as “Palming should be used during frequent breaks in any visually centered task such as reading, computer work, or watching TV.
Eye Stretch is a recommended exercise to improve lymphatic and veinous drainage for the eye area while releasing tension in the extraocular muscle system.
Performance lenses or other plus lenses for closework have been shown to help reduce IOP by reducing the demand for contraction of the ciliary muscle which controls eye focusing.
Quiting smoking is critically important, since by itself, nicotine can raise IOP. One herbal program has been proven 99% effective for quitting smoking within 7 days. Avoiding any other toxic drugs and food additives, as much as possible is also paramount, as many of these may have a similar effect. Detoxification is very important in the long run to remove the accumulated toxins in the body, but this should procede gently so as not to trigger increased pressure during healing crises. Avoiding toxins in the diet, such as pesticides, is important, too. Peel commercially grown fruit, and wash vegetables before cooking. Steaming vegetables lightly also helps to remove volatile pesticides.
Weight loss and natural reduction of hypertension are helpful, too. Both of these factors, along with myopia, are associated with ocular hypertension. Pharmacological reduction of high blood pressure in the presence of ocular hypertension can actually increase glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve due to the creation of an increased pressure differential at the optic nerve head, increasing cupping and reducing capillary perfusion to the nerve fibers.
Even clothing can affect IOP and visual fields. Neckties can increase IOP by compressing the jugular veins, reducing veinous drainage from the head and eye area. In one study, 67% of businessmen in normal health wore neckties tight enough to reduce visual performance. None of us, especially someone with glaucoma or at risk of it, needs this kind of added stress, so loosen up those neckties just a notch, and now you’re dressed for success. Like a famous boxer used to say, “Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee, your hands can’t hit what your eyes don’t see.” And then there’s also the old addage, “use it or lose it.” This certainly applies to the use of our perpipheral vision and related eye and body movement in maintaining our spatial vision, whether in glaucoma, or under any kind of stress conditions.
Dr. Glen has been researching alternative approaches for glaucoma for over 30 years.