Within the fields of molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule is a low molecular weight organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Small molecules include peptides, native small molecules, chemically synthesized small molecules and so on. They are ubiquitous in the human environment, from toxins and heavy metals to vitamins, hormones and drugs of abuse. Therefore, the ability to detect and quantify these chemicals is crucial to drug discovery and development. The focus is on developing antibodies that can specifically bind to small molecular targets to enable clinical diagnostics. Small molecule antibodies typically have wide applications in disease diagnosis and cancer therapy.
In life science research, immunoassays are used in the study of biological systems by tracking different proteins, hormones, and antibodies. Specifically, the degree of imbalance of the immune system can be accurately measured through immune function inspection and immune cell analysis and evaluation. Dysfunction or imbalance of the immune system can increase the risk of infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and aging and other diseases and sub-health problems. Moreover, immunoassays can be used for the early screening of tumors in vital organs.
Immunoassay tests work by using antibodies to detect small biological substances in the blood and other bodily fluids. The approach follows the aspect that particular antigens bind to specific newly introduced antibodies, thereby stimulating an immune response. How to produce the antibody specific to small molecules is the key for the preparation of an immunoassay kit.
Small molecules are classified as haptens in immunology because of their low molecular weight and simple structure. Haptens have reactionogenicity but lack of immunogenicity. Simply, they can’t elicit an immune response to produce antibodies but can bind to the corresponding antibodies. The production of ideal anti-hapten antibodies largely depends on the hapten design, selection of the appropriate carrier protein and the conjugation method.
The production of specific antibodies against haptens is important both for assays of hormones and drugs in biological fluids or for therapeutic applications in tumor therapy. Therefore, a hapten should be conjugated with a carrier protein, in order to induce a strong immune response and in turn obtain a large number of antibodies.
Anti-hapten antibodies enable the detection of small molecules using robust and rapid immunodetection technologies, such as ELISA. Either raised against endogenous small molecules or exogenous compounds, anti-hapten antibodies constitute attractive detection tools in the field of human health, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, as well as for food safety and environmental monitoring.
In addition, the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, has traditionally been dominated by small molecules. Many drugs are small molecules. Despite their perceived limitations and the rise of large molecule biologics, such as antibody therapeutics, small molecule drugs remain the major component of an ever-expanding therapeutic toolbox. The generation of high-affinity molecules, such as antibodies to these small molecule targets, can deliver quick and sensitive detect small molecule drugs and their metabolites, markers of disease or metal ions, thus achieving the purpose of monitoring human health.
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